嘿，书虫们驻扎啦！此次我挖到宝了，一册能让你一夜难眠的佳作！翻开第一页，就像绽开了新宇宙的大门，每个字都透中邪力，让东谈主进退无据。情节丝丝入扣，变装水灵得仿佛就在你身边，这种千里浸感，果真了！我保证，这书不看，你的书架都少了份灵魂。快来，我们沿路飞动在这精彩绝伦的故事里吧！

《连气儿读懂欧洲史（英汉对照）》 作家：李玲

第一章　旷古期间：时髦的摇篮

Do you know Troy War? Do you know Olympic Games? Do you know the Pantheon

你听说过特洛伊战役吗？你知谈奥运会吗？你一睹过帕特农神庙的风韵吗？你知谈悉数这些伟大的创作都源自于古希腊吗？古希腊被誉为“西方时髦的摇篮”，梗概2500年前，希腊东谈主创造了令东谈主顾惜的生活，为后代留住了珍爱的资产。

Chapter I

1. Ancient Greece 古希腊

欧洲历史包罗万象，各种身分跟着岁月的推移束缚地变化着。其中两条骨干对欧洲历史发展产生了深切的影响：希腊-罗马历史和犹太教-基督教历史。

●Greece—Homeland to Olympics 雅典——奥运会的闾里

The Greeks loves sports very much. Once every four years, they had a big festival on Olympus Mount that includes contests of sports. The Greek Olympics, part of a religious festival, began in 776 BC and inspired the modern Olympic Games (began in 1896).

古希腊东谈主醉心体育通顺。每隔四年，他们都要在奥林匹斯山举行一次大型的嘉会，包括体育竞赛。古希腊的奥林匹克体育竞赛始于公元前776年，那时仅仅宗教典礼的部分步履。1896年，奥林匹克通顺重回希腊，并发展成为宇宙上最具限制的业余体育竞赛步履。

The Disc Thrower 掷饼者（雕饰）

His moment is leading to explosive action. It is designed on a frontal plane with head and legs in profile

掷饼者雕饰展示的是力量爆发须臾的动作。由他的头部和腿的侧面以及上前歪斜的上身组成了一幅正面的恶果图。作品依靠弯成弧形的手臂、头部和左腿来保持通盘躯壳的均衡。这幅作品主要展示了古典立场中独到的和谐比例。

Events at the Games 通顺样式

At the rst one-day Olympic Games, the only event was a short sprint from one end of the stadium to the other. The running track was much wider than a modern one. Twenty people could run at once. Gradually more events were added to make ve days of competitions, including the openingand closing ceremonies. They included wrestling, boxing,long jump, throwing the javelin and discus, and chariot

掷饼者

Winners were given a wreath of leaves, and a hero's welcome back home. Winners might marry rich women,enjoy free meals, invitations to parties, and the best seats in the theatre.

第一届古代奥运会只举行一天，比赛样式惟有短跑，参赛选手从通顺场的一端跑到另一端就算完成了比赛。不外那时的跑谈比当今的竞竞走谈要宽，20个选手不错同期参加比赛。跟着项策画增多，比赛时分增至5天，加上开幕式、遣散式及一些典礼步履。增多的样式有：摔跤、拳击、跳远、标枪、铁饼、战车竞走等。其中五项万能包括：跑步、摔跤、标枪、铁饼和跳远。

优越者时时被赐予橄榄枝花冠，然后无际还乡。他们因此不错迎娶家景殷实的令嫒姑娘、享受免费的食物，参加各式约会，并领有剧院最佳的位置。

●Women at Olympia 女性与古代奥运会

Only men, boys and unmarried girls were allowed to attend the Olympic Games. Married women were not allowed into the Olympic Games. Any women caught sneaking

Chapter I

Unmarried women had their own festival at Olympia every four years. This was the Heraia, held in honour of Hera, wife of Zeus. Women could compete in running races, though only unmarried girls took part. Winners were awarded crowns of sacred olive branches, the same as men. As a rule Greek women did not go in for sport, unless they were Spartans.

除了成年男性，只身女孩和男孩也不错参加奥运会，但是已婚女性摈斥在外。任何已婚女性，若被抓到偷看奥运会，将受到严厉的处分。参加战车竞走的女性不错领有属于我方的马驹。

在每隔四年的古代奥运会中，只身女孩也有属于她们我方的节日，那等于为记忆宙斯的夫人赫拉所举行的Heraia。参加竞走的女性也仅限于只身女孩，与男性雷同，优越者也可赢得橄榄枝花冠。但是，在古希腊，除了斯巴达女性，其他城邦的女性不允许参加奥运会。

●Spartan Warriors 斯巴达骁雄

While Athens was trying democracy

It was tough being a Spartan. Sickly babies were killed. Boys practised ghting and did athletics. He became a soldier when he was 20. However, a boy's training began much earlier, when he left his family home at the age of 7,and went to live in an army school. Discipline

Girls also did physical exercises. Spartan women had more freedom than other Greek women—a wife ran the family farm and gave orders to the helots

Spartan mothers told their sons before they left for battle, "Come back with your shield

古希腊200多个城邦中，雅典和斯巴达是最具有实力的。在那时，雅典是一个追求民主、向上、文学茂密的城邦，斯巴达却保守、专制。那时的斯巴达有两个国王，一个坐阵原土，另一个开采他方。战役是斯巴达东谈主最擅长的。据希腊东谈主态状，在战场上，一个斯巴达东谈主抵过好几个敌手。

斯巴达东谈主的成长历程是冗忙的。刚降生的婴儿，如果不够健壮，就会平直被摔死。男孩从小就老成干戈、参加体育通顺。当他20岁的时候，就不错投军成为别称士兵。但是，他早在7岁的时候就离开了家庭，住在部队学校，开动接管进修。部队顺序严酷，即使在严冬，也只允许穿一件长袍，必须光脚走路。在这段时分里，他必须学会如安在冗忙的要求下生活，赢得食物。在斯巴达东谈主眼里，像希腊东谈主那样喝醉酒是很愚蠢的。即使成婚后，斯巴达男东谈主依然在部队生活。

Chapter I

古代奥运会竞技场业绩

斯巴达女孩也参加体育进修。与希腊其他城邦的女性比拟，斯巴达女性享有更多的解放——时时主妇们措置通盘家庭，不错对下东谈主与奴隶胸有成竹。在斯巴达，老东谈主也备受尊敬。

在女儿出征前，斯巴达母亲会对他说：要么带着你的盾记忆，要么躺在上头记忆。”在战场上铁心的斯巴达士兵，他们的遗体会置于我方的盾牌上，由战友们带回家乡。惟有怯夫才会弃盾牌潜逃。

The 300 Spartans 斯巴达300骁雄

Sparta's most famous battle was Thermopylae. The year was 480

B.C. A huge Persian army was trying to invade Greece. Barring the way at the mountain pass of Thermopylae were 300 Spartan soldiers led by King Leonidas, along with a few hundred other Greeks.

The Spartans' brave ght lasted three days. One story says that after they broke their swords, the Spartans fought the Persians with their bare hands and teeth! In the end, Leonidas and his Spartans lay dead. The Persians marched on to capture Athens. But soon afterwards the Greeks defeated the Persian eet at the sea battle of Salamis.

斯巴达最著明的战役是德摩比利之战。公元前四百八十年，波斯国国王薛西斯一生统治五十万雄兵、战船千余艘，大举要紧希腊，并一齐南下靠拢德摩比利隘口。在此进行决死搏斗的是斯巴达国王列奥尼达斯亲率的斯巴达300骁雄，以及由各处连结而来的希腊联军几百东谈主。

这场豪壮的战役继续了3天。有东谈主说，在他们的刀剑用结束以后，他们用我方的双手和牙齿与波斯部队连续拼搏。临了，列奥尼达斯和他的骁雄们都豪壮铁心，波斯部队连续要紧雅典。但是，很快希腊东谈主就在萨拉米斯海战中将波斯舰队击溃。

●Homer 欧洲文学始祖——荷马

Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics. He probably lived around 700 B.C. Two such epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey,have survived. They are not about events of Homer's own time, but about great men and wars of remoter age, probably in the period of 1200—1100

B.C.

The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the nal battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked

The Odyssey deals with the return of Odyssey after the Trojan War to his home island of Ithaca. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage

荷马被古希腊东谈主认为是史诗的作家。他省略生活在公元前700年傍边。他的两部巨作——《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》流传于今。这两部作品的内容都不是对于荷马我方所处期间的事情，而是对于旷古期间——梗概公元前1200年到公元前1100年之间的战役以及好汉东谈主物的业绩。

《伊利亚特》描摹了在阿伽门农的率领下，古希腊南部各城邦合股开采特洛伊城的故事。书中的好汉东谈主物，有特洛伊的赫克托耳，还有古希腊的阿喀琉斯及奥德修斯。在临了的战斗中，阿喀琉斯杀死了赫克托耳。古希腊东谈主将特洛伊城剥夺一空，有一把火炬它烧为灰烬。

《奥德赛》主要证据了特洛伊战役终端后奥德修斯复返家乡伊大加岛的故事。书中描摹了在恒久帆海路径中的各种冒险资格，以及最终他如何与诚意的夫人佩涅

Chapter I

荷马

洛佩团员的故事。

●Socrates, Plato, Aristotle 希腊三贤——苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德

"Let Plato be your friend，and Aristotle，but more let your friend be Truth."

——哈佛大学校训：与柏拉图为友，与亚里士多德为友，更要与谈理为友。

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle are greatest names in European philosophy

苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德是欧洲形而上学史上最伟大的东谈主物，他们生活在公元前5世纪和4世纪的希腊雅典。他们互相细巧衔接，苏格拉底教过柏拉图，柏拉图又是亚里士多德的至意。但是柏拉图与亚里士多德对许多事物有不同的不雅点，并造成了各自的派别。

Socrates 苏格拉底

When Socrates (about 470-399B.C.) is mentioned, one generally thinks of two ideas.

The first is the "Socratic method," a way of imparting students knowledge by asking them a series of "leading questions." According to Socrates, as recorded by Plato in his Dialogues, we have all lived before,and that by asking the right questions, a good teacher can cause us to "remember" what we used to know in a previous lifetime. More likely, it wasa way of leading people to logical conclusions.

The other common idea associated with Socrates is "Socratic wisdom." Socrates hold that one should not claim to know things beyond his expertise. For example, a shopkeeper

说到苏格拉底（梗概公元前470~399），东谈主们一般会猜想两个主见。

第一个主见等于“苏格拉底问答法”，即通骚动学生一系列问题，从而指令学生发现学问的一种教学行径。柏拉图在《言语录》中纪录，苏格拉底认为我们都有过前世，而一个好的至意不错通骚动对问题，从而指令我们“谨记”前世所了解的学问。其实，这更像是一种指令东谈主们进行逻辑想考、作念出论断的行径。

第二个对于苏格拉底的主见等于“苏格拉底颖异”。他认为，我们不应该过甚其词，说我方明慧本行业之外的事情。比如说，一个店家不应该说他亦然政事边界大家；一个医师不应该说他亦然木匠大家。因此“了解你的不及”，知谈我们所掌合手的学问是有限的，才是苏格拉底颖异的精髓。

Plato 柏拉图

Plato (about 428-348 B.C.), wrote down Socrates'ideas, probably mixing in many of his own. He loved his teacher Socrates. Also, he showed himself a brilliant

苏格拉底在千里想

The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet. 教悔的根是苦的，但其果实是甜的。

stylist20, writing with wit and grace. Shelley said: "Plato was essentially a poet—the truth and splendor of his imagery, and the melody of his language,are the most intense that it is possible to conceive."

Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. It dealt with,among other things, the problem of how, in the complex, ever-changing world, men were to attain knowledge. The reply he gave was: men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general "ideas", like beauty,truth, goodness. Only these "ideas" are completely real, while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason, Plato's philosophy is called Idealism

柏拉图记录了苏格拉底的想想，也可能和会了我方的看法。他爱我方的至意苏格拉底。同期，他也发达出了一个隆起文学家的才智。他的写稿不仅充满颖异，而且极富文华。雪莱说：“柏拉图在内容上是个诗东谈主——他那传神丽都的譬如、开通优好意思的语言，都是所能想象得到的最具力量的东西。”

柏拉图建立了一个博大精采的形而上学体系，这个体系主要触及的是东谈主类在这个复杂多变的宇宙中，怎样才智赢得真知。他的论断是：因为宇宙上存在着一些多数的“理念”，如真、善、好意思等，是以东谈主是能够领有真知的。惟有这些“理念”是真正的，物资宇宙才会有相对的真正。正因为如斯，柏拉图的形而上学体系被称为唯心宗旨形而上学。

Platonic love, in its modern popular sense, is a non-sexual, affectionate relationship. A simple example of Platonic relationships is a deep, non-sexual friendship, not subject to gender pairings and including close relatives.

At the same time, this interpretation is a misunderstanding of the nature of the Platonic ideal of love which, from its origin, was that of a chaste

20 stylist n. 联想师；文学学家

在当代流行的不雅念中, 柏拉图式的爱情是一种无性的、亲密的关系。柏拉图式爱情的一个最粗陋例子等于一种热诚深厚而莫得性爱的友谊，既不受两性交配的主宰，也不包括亲情关系。

同期，这种证明是对柏拉图式的瞎想爱情的内容的一种污蔑。究其发祥，柏拉图式的爱情是一种既朴素而又好坏的爱情。这是一种被认为超越了性的爱情。Aristotle 亚里士多德

Aristotle is a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics

Of all his numerous works, the following are the still important to scholars and students: Ethics (an introduction to moral philosophy), Politics, Poetics (a treatise on literary theory), and Rhetoric

亚里士多德是古希腊形而上学边界的一位巨东谈主，他的孝敬触及多个边界，包括逻辑学、玄学、数学、物理学、生物学、植物学、伦理学、政事学、农业、医学、跳舞及戏剧，等等。他是柏拉图的学生，却比他的至意们更珍视

Chapter I

Other men live to eat, while I eat to live. 别东谈主为食而生活，我为生活而食。

The unexa-mined life is not worth living. 昏头昏脑的生活不值得过。

造就，更是由于反对柏拉图的表面得以申明远扬。

在他丰富的作品中，以下几部于今还对学者和学生们有着要紧影响：《伦理学》（谈德形而上学初学）《政事学》《诗学》（文学表面专著）和《修辞学》（究诘如何劝服听众的艺术）。这些文章大多是基于亚里士多德学生的条记整理而成，有些仅仅一些片断。

Aristotle differed from his teacher in many ways.

First of all, he emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato's dependence on subjective thinking. Second, the believed that "form" (ideas) and matter together made up concrete individual realities. This is also different from Plato who thought that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world. As to what should be man's aim in life, Aristotle's answer was: happiness, not happiness in the vulgar sense, but something that could be only achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness, and contemplation.

亚里士多德在许多问题上与他的至意柏拉图持不同不雅点。

开首，他强调要平直不雅察当然，相持表面应该以事实为依据。这点与柏拉图相背，柏拉图认为应以主不雅想想为准。其次，他认为“面孔”（理念）和物资沿路组成了具体的、单个可见的事物，而柏拉图认为理念比试验愈加真正。对于东谈主生活的策画是什么，亚里士多德的回复是：幸福，但不是那种低俗谈理上的幸福，而是一种通过感性、正派和富于想索的生活而得到的幸福。

2. Ancient Rome 古罗马

●Julius Caesar 凯撒之死

Julius Caesar was a Roman military and political leader. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. After assuming control of government, he began extensive reforms

of Roman society and government. He centralized

Following is what Shakespeare wrote in his play Julius Caesar as how he was assassinated:

"After Julius Caesar's victory over sons of Pompey,he reenters Rome for a celebration, who ignores warnings from a Soothsayer. His friend Brutus and political foe Cassius settle a conspiracy

Chapter I

To do injus-tice is more disgraceful than to suffer it.

制造不公比承受不公更可耻。

Better be unborn than untaught, for ignorance is the root of misfortune.

与其生而不受教悔，不如不生，因为无知是凄婉的根源。

Every man is a poet when he is in love.

每个恋爱中的东谈主都是诗东谈主。

by the aristocrats34, he still goes to the Senate, where he is killed soon. On the funeral Antony, Caesar's closest friend speaks and stirs the audience to revenge

In 42 B.C. two years after his assassination, the Senate officially sanctied Caesar as one of the Roman deities.

尤里乌斯·凯撒是罗马共和国末期隆起的军事统帅、政事家。在罗马共和国向罗马帝国的转机历程中，他起着要紧的作用。在弹压抵拒，掌合手政权后，他在罗马社会和政府中进行了大范围的校正。他缓缓加强中央集权，临了晓喻我方为毕生独裁官。以马可斯·布鲁图斯为首的一帮议员，在公元前44年3月15日贪心刺杀了凯撒，以图规复罗马共和国正本的规律。可松手却招致另一场罗马内战，临了凯撒的养子屋大维息争罗马，完毕长久独裁统辖。

莎士比亚在其剧作中是这么描摹凯撒被刺的历程的：

“平叛庞培儿孙叛乱后，凯撒回到罗马参加典礼步履。他不听预言家的教养，孤身来到罗马议会大厅。正本，他的老一又友布鲁图斯和政敌卡斯卡还是纠集了一帮叛徒，预谋在3月15日将其刺杀，夺取政权。在出事的前一个晚上，凯撒夫人作念了一个恶梦，梦见他瓜葛，第二天就申请他不要外出，但是，凯撒莫得听。他在元老院就座时，贪心者王人备向他围拢过来，很快就将其杀害。在其葬礼上，他最佳的一又友安东尼意气风发，命令为凯撒掩恶扬善。那些贪心刺杀他的东谈主纷繁逃往意大利。临了，安东尼、屋大维联袂，与布鲁图斯和卡斯卡张开了一场激战，后者衰弱自尽。罗马帝国得以看护。”

公元前42年，即凯撒被刺两年后，元老院老成将其列入众神行列，被尊为“鲜明的尤利乌斯”。

34 aristocrat n. 贵族

Chapter I

●All Roads Leads to Rome 条条正途通罗马

After Julius Caesar's death, Octavius, his adopted son, took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus in the year 27

B.C. Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached it greatest extent, encircling

The Roman roads were roads built by the Roman Empire, intended for quick transport of material from one location to another, for cattle, vehicles, or any similar trafc along the path. They were essential for the growth of the Roman Empire. Roman roads enabled the Romans to move armies and trade goods and to communicate news. The Roman road system spanned more than 400,000km of roads, including over 80,500km of paved roads. When Rome reached the height of its power, no fewer than 29 great military highways radiated from the city. Hills were cut through and deep ravines

372 great road links.

It is said that departing from anywhere in the Italian pensile or even any road in Europe, one can reach Rome eventually if he keeps on stepping ahead. That how come the old saying "every road leads to Rome."

凯撒身后，他的养子屋大维夺取了最高指挥权，于公元前27年受封为奥古斯都大帝。200年后，罗马帝国发展到隆盛本事，领有环地中海地区的高大疆域，其势力北到苏格兰，东到阿好意思尼亚和好意思索不达米亚。

罗马帝国为了加强其统辖，修建了以罗马为中心，通向四面八方的正途，以浅易畜生等其他肖似交通器具运载各式物资。这些谈路的修建对于罗马帝国的发展有着至关要紧的作用，因为这些正途为罗马帝国的部队运载、商品贸易及信息传达提供了很大的浅易。据史料纪录，罗马谈路系统卓越40万公里，其中东谈主筑硬面公路80,500公里。在罗马发展的隆盛本事，至少有29条军用公路从罗马城各个场合放射出去。山体被劈开，山谷则被填平。也曾一度，通盘罗马帝国被分为113个省份，由372条正途细巧计议。

据说，那时从意大利半岛乃至欧洲的任何一条正途开动旅行，只消束缚地走，最终都能抵达罗马，自后就演变为“条条大路通罗马”这一说法。

3. The Rise of Christianity 基督教的兴起

●The Most Popular Book Bible《圣经》——宇宙精采传最广的一册书

The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprised with two parts: the Old Testament

and Man.

《圣经》是一册宗教故事总集，包括《旧约》和《新约》 。前者证据的是天主和天主的法律，后者则以基督耶稣宣扬的准则为主要内容。"testament"在英语里是“左券”的兴味，因此《圣经》的兴味等于，本书所究诘的都是天主和东谈主类之间的商定。

The Old Testament 《旧约》

The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew,recording questions of how the world began, how life came to be and what is man. It comprises with four parts: the Pentateuch, the Historical Books, the Poetical Books and the Prophets.

Of all the 39 books, most important are the first five books, called Pentateuch. They are:

Genesis (origin of the Hebrew people, of the world and of man);

Exodus (Hebrews' ight from Egypt);

Leviticus (Primitive Laws);

Numbers (continuation of the ight from Egypt);

Deuteronomy (final words of Moses). Stories like Adam and Eve, Norah's Ark and Ten Commandments are recorded in these books.

The Historical Books record the history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C till the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586B.C. In these books, you can nd stories about King Saul, King David and his son King Solomon.

The Poetical Books present the world's greatest truest poetry. The Prophets tells stories about some famous prophets or the spokesmen of God and what they

Chapter I

圣经典故

Measure for measure 一报还一报

The God's chosen people 天主的选民；获救者

Separate the sheep from the goats 把绵羊和山羊分辩开来；分清好坏（优下第）

The fat years and the lean years 感奋与衰落

forecasted.

《旧约》领先是用希伯来语书写，态状了宇宙的发祥、生命及东谈主的出现。《旧约》由四部分组成：《摩西五经》《历史籍》《诗歌作品》和《先知书》。

《旧约》由39卷组成，其中最陈腐亦然最要紧的是头5卷，即《摩西五经》。它们是：

《创世纪》：希伯来东谈主、宇宙及东谈主类的发祥；

《出埃及记》：希伯来东谈主逃出埃及的历史；

《利未记》：早期法律条例的汇编；

《民数记》：逃出埃及续篇；

《申命记》：摩西对其东谈主民说的临了的话。亚当和夏娃的故事、诺亚方舟及摩西十诫等故事均出自这里。

《历史籍》记录了希伯来民族语公元前1200前傍边干预巴勒斯坦，到公元前586年巴勒斯坦落入阿西里安东谈主和切尔登东谈主手中的历史。扫罗王、大卫王及所罗门王的故事便记录在这些书中。

《诗歌作品》展现了一些宇宙上最伟大、最纯正的诗篇。《先知书》态状的是犹太东谈主历史上比较有名先知（神的代言东谈主）的故事，以及他们作念出的预言。

The New Testament 《新约》

There is no denying that Christianity had its stem

The New Testament is said to be written by Matthew,Mark, Luke and John, four of Jesus' early followers. They tell of the birth, preaching, death and resurrection

The Bible is the most popular book in the history of mankind. It is the essential of western civilization, having shaped the western civilization more decisively than anything else ever written. Therefore, it is much more than a religious book. Reecting most extensively western ideas and culture, the Bible is actually an encyclopedia

By the year 1963, the whole of Bible had been translated into 228 languages and parts into 974 languages—a total of 1202, including tribal tongues.

不必置疑，基督教根植于希伯来教。但是，自从1世纪傍边基督教诞生的时候开动，就建设了它完全不同于其他宗教的信仰，这套信仰建立于两个好坏的信念上。第一，耶稣基督是神的女儿，神派他来到东谈主间，让他过普通东谈主的生活，像凡东谈主雷同吃苦，并最终为东谈主类的得救而死；其次，神将神性给了他独一的女儿，是以信奉他的东谈主不会腐化，而会得到长生。

听说，《新约》是由奴婢耶稣最早的四个徒弟马太、马可、路加和约翰所写。他们在文章中证据了耶稣的诞生、宣道、物化和回生。

Chapter I

圣经典故

Ark 方舟；避风港

bear one's cross 背着十字架；忍耐灾荒

Dove of Noah 诺亚的鸽子；和平的标记

on all fours 爬着；匍匐而行

Lost sheep 迷路的羔羊；误入邪途的东谈主

《圣经》在东谈主类文化历史中广为流传。它组成了西方时髦的中枢，比其他任何一册造成笔墨的书对西方时髦的作用都要大。它还是超出了宗教文籍的范围，只消我们追思一下通盘西方时髦的想想组成与不雅念，《圣经》真称得上是一部百科全书。总之，它是历史，是文学，是伟大头脑与想想的记录。

到1963年，《圣经》全文还是被翻译成了228种语言，而只选定其中部分篇章来翻译的语种数目则达到了974种——加起来为1202种语言，其中包括部落语言。

●From Sunday to Saturday 从日曜日到星期六

Sunday is the moral of the day of the Sun (solar day), the resurrection of Jesus, therefore, this day in the West was regarded as the most sacred

Monday is the moral of the day of the moon. Old English as the Monanday, that is, the day of the moon. Ancient Roman mythology, the god of the moon was Apollo's wife, so in a week, she left for the day.

Tuesday is the moral of Tiw's day or the day of Tiw (Mars), in memory of the Nordic mythology of God of War Tyr, with his name. The name Tyr in the Old English name is Tiw. Tiwesday means Tiw's day (on Mars). Tuesday is to use his name.

Wednesday is the moral of Woden's day (Mercury). Woden, also known as Odin, is the main god in charge of knowledge, culture, poetry, war, death. He was the father of Tyr, God of War. Wednesday is to use his name.

Thursday is the moral of Thor's day (Jupiter). Thor is in charge ofthunder and lightning. As he rides his goat chariot crossing in the sky, the wind becomes a lightning wind and the wheel becomes a rolling thunder.

Friday is the moral of Freo's day (Venus), or in Old English Frigeday. Frigg was a goddess in charge of marriage and family. She was Woden's wife, Thor's mother. Therefore, as Woden named Wednesday and Thor named Thursday, in order to soothe

Saturday is the moral of the day of Saturn, the god in charge of agriculture. It is the last day of the week.

行动一星期的第一天，星期天在古时候是献给太阳的，古犹太教的安息日定在星期六，基督教之是以改日曜日为安息日，是因为耶稣在这一天回生。约从公元4世纪起，罗马天主教会就将日曜日定为沐日，在这一天不容任何东谈主使命，教徒都得住手一切文娱步履，上教堂去作念礼拜。跟着时分的挪动星期天行动法定沐日还是被宇宙列国平方援用。

在古罗马神话中，月亮为太阳之妻。因此，在一星期中也必须有一天是献给月亮的。他们把一星期的第二天叫作念Lunaedies，盎格鲁—撒克逊东谈主借译了该词，作Monandaeg，意即Moonday，当代英语作Monday。

在北欧神话中，有一个战神名叫Tyr，很是于罗马神话里的Mars。当狼精Fenrir在东谈主间罪人时，Tyr自告竭力赶赴擒拿，在系结狼精时，一只手被咬掉了。Tyr在古英语中拼作Tiw，从Tiw产生了古英语词Tiwesdaeg，意即thedayofTiw，这等于当代英语Tuesday的原始面孔。

星期三(Wednesday)在古英语华夏作Modnesdaeg，

Chapter I

意为Woden'sday。Woden是日尔曼战神Tyr之父，很是于罗马神话里的交易神Mercury。古罗马东谈主以Mercury来定名星期三，把星期三叫作念Mercuriidies。其实，英语Wodnesdaeg等于译自该拉丁词，仅仅在借译时Mercury换成了Woden费力。

在北欧神话中，最有权势、最勇敢的神要数雷神Thor。他很是于罗马神话里的主神Jupiter／Jove。当Thor驾着公山羊拉的战车飞驰而落后，天外顿时雷轰电闪。Thursday恰是以Thor定名的，它在古英语华夏作Thuresdaeg，意即thedayofThor。

在古英语中，星期五（Friday）原作Frigedaeg，意即thedayofFrigg／Freya。Frigg／Freya乃北欧爱情女神，亦即战神Woden之妻，由于千里溺于虚耗的生活而遭丈夫扬弃。该女神很是于罗马神话中的Venus，罗马东谈主以Venus来定名星期五，称之为DiesVeneris，意即thedayofVenus，而英语借译该词时把Venus换成Frigg，作Frigedaeg。

Wednesday和Thursday是分辩以Frigg／Freya之夫Woden特别子Thor定名的，因此行动一种安慰英语就把星期五献给了她。北欧东谈主将星期五视为一周中最安定的一天，是成婚日。对基督教徒来说，星期五则是抗拒安的一天，因为耶稣恰是在这一天被钉死在十字架上的。

Saturn乃罗马神话中的农神或播撒之神。每年12月17日，古罗马东谈主都要举行农神节（Saturnalia），随心狂欢，他们还以农神的大名来定名一星期中临了一天，亦即thedayofSaturn，英语Saturday即由此借译而来。

●Christmas 圣诞节

Originally, Christmas was a Christian holiday aiming to commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ more than 2,000 years ago. But nowadays Christmas is also a social and family holiday. It is a festival of goodwill, a time for family, friends, food, and gift-giving.

历史上的圣诞节属于基督教节日，策画在于记忆耶稣基督的诞生。但是，在当代社会，圣诞节还是成为一个社会性节日和家庭节日，是一个抒发善意的节日，是一个家东谈主、一又友集结的节日，亦然享受好意思食与礼物的

Chapter I

圣诞老东谈主

节日。

Father Christmas 圣诞老东谈主

It is said that in the year of 300

A.D., there was a kind old man and his name was Saint Nicholas. He was always ready to help the poor and often gave presents to them. Today,Father Christmas is an imaginary figure, but nearly all young children believe in him. They think he is a happy old man with a long white beard and a long red robe. On the night of the twenty-fourth of December every year,Father Christmas from some cold northern land comes down the chimney of the fireplace to put presents by the beds of children or to ll their stockings. So when children go to bed that night, they hang up their stockings, and on Christmas morning they wake to nd them full of presents. Of course, it's really their parents who ll the stockings.

据说在公元前300年，有一个温煦的老东谈主名叫圣尼古拉。他时时会匡助艰苦的东谈主们，何况常常会直立物给这些东谈主。今天，圣诞老东谈主是一个造谣的形象，但是险些悉数的小孩都深信他的存在。孩子们认为他是一个舒畅的老东谈主，长着又长又白的胡子，穿戴红袍。每年圣诞节他驾着鹿拉的雪橇从朔方面来，由烟囱干预各家，把圣诞礼物装在袜子里挂在孩子们的床头上或火炉前。是以，西方东谈主过圣诞节时，父母把给孩子的圣诞礼物装在袜子里，圣诞夜时挂在孩子们的床头上。第二天，孩子们醒来后的第一件事等于在床头上寻找圣诞老东谈主送来的礼物。固然，这些礼物都是他们的父母放到袜子内部的。

Christmas Tree 圣诞树

Most people think that the tradition of lighting and decorating a r tree at Christmas time originated in Germany.

It was the German reformer, Martin Luther, who is said to have introduced the Christmas tree as we know it, with its mass of beautiful shining lights, inspired by the observation of stars shining through the fir trees.

Gradually the practice of decorating a tree with ornaments

一般认为，在圣诞节遮拦并点亮杉树这一传统发祥于德国。

据说，校正家马丁·路德在看到杉树中透出的点点星光，于是灵机一动，也在圣诞树上挂上许多漂亮的灯饰，于是就产生了我们当今所熟悉的灯光闪闪的圣诞树。

逐步地，东谈主们开动用一些小饰物遮拦圣诞树，并挂上点亮的烛炬。这种作念法渐渐地被传到北欧，致使斯堪的维亚地区。据说，亨利塔公爵于1816年在维也纳树立了奥地利第一棵圣诞树。1840年梅克伦堡的海伦公主又把圣诞树传入法国巴黎。在英国，东谈主们时时会在圣诞节遮拦一个常青花环，成为“接吻树”。1841年的时候，维多利亚女王的丈夫阿尔伯特亲王在他们的温莎城堡用烛炬、金银箔和其他饰物遮拦了一棵树，行动圣诞典礼的一部分。从那以后，圣诞树很快就成为英国的传统之一。

Christmas Dinner 圣诞大餐

The Christmas Dinner is the main Christmas meal and is traditionally eaten at mid-day or early afternoon on Christmas Day in Great Britain. A traditional British Christmas Dinner includes roast turkey or goose, Brussels sprouts, roast potatoes, cranberry sauce, salmon, duding etc.

Turkey is often regarded as the usual Christmas meal but appeared on the menu only around 1650 after European colonization

Champagne is a traditional Christmas tipple

Mulled wine is a popular Christmas drink in Austria,

Chapter I

圣诞道贺语

A Merry Christmas and a wonderful New Year！

圣诞舒畅，新年好！

Thinking of you and wishing you a beautiful Christmas season.

秀丽的圣诞节之际，谨致我的想念与道贺。

Switzerland and Germany. It contains red wine, fruit, cloves

在西方，只如果圣诞节享用的家宴都称为圣诞大餐。不外，在英国，有几谈传统食物是圣诞节所不行清寒的，比如火鸡、鹅、甘蓝、烤土豆、酸果曼沙司、三文鱼、布丁等。

圣诞大餐吃火鸡的习俗始于好意思国，直到1620年，好意思洲成为欧洲列国从属国以后才传入欧洲。塞巴斯蒂安·卡伯特从好意思洲“新宇宙”回到欧洲时，把吃火鸡这一习俗也带记忆。火鸡是好意思洲特产，在欧洲东谈主到好意思洲之前，还是被印地安东谈主驯化。火鸡的名字在英文中叫“土耳其”，是因为欧洲东谈主以为它的花式像土耳其的服装：身黑头红。在此之前，英国东谈主的圣诞大餐是烤鹅、烤孔雀或是烤猪。

圣诞大餐固然也少不了香槟酒，据统计每年圣诞节喝掉的香槟酒达上百万瓶。特制的圣诞啤酒别有一番风范。这些啤酒时时呈玄色、味甜、酒香浓烈，出奇相宜在风凉的天气和公司派对中饮用。

在奥地利、瑞士、德国，东谈主们可爱在圣诞节喝着加香料的红葡萄酒。在红酒中加上生果、丁香和肉桂，然后加热即可。圣诞节前后，街头巷尾到处都不错买到这么的酒。滑雪季节里，欧洲各滑雪场也都有出售。

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